Local Division Munich
UPC_CFI_483/2024

Order
of the Court of First Instance of the Unified Patent Court
issued on 10 February 2025

Headnotes:
1. The UPC's jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA, Art. 2g), Art. 3c) UPCA also
covers infringement actions to the extent that they are based on acts of use which are
alleged to have taken place before the UPCA entered into force and/or in the period
between an opt-out and the withdrawal thereof.
2. Jurisdiction and applicable law are separate aspects that must be assessed separately. It cannot be concluded from the UPC's jurisdiction that the UPCA always applies
to every case to be decided, nor is the applicable law decisive for the UPC's jurisdiction.

CLAIMANT
Esko-Graphics Imaging GmbH, Zusestraße 4a, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany,
represented by: Dr Steininger, Hogan Lovells International LLP, Karl-Scharnagl-Ring 5,
80539 Munich, Germany.

DEFENDANTS
1) XSYS Germany GmbH, Industriestraße 1, 77731 Willstätt, Germany,
2) XSYS Prepress N.V., Oostkaai 50, 8900 Ieper, Belgium,
3) XSYS Italia S.r.l., Corso Di Porta Nuova n. 46, 20121 Mailand, Italy,
represented by: Dr Pansch, rospatt Rechtsanwälte PartGmbB, Emanuel-Leutze-Str. 11,
40547 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Local Division Munich
UPC_CFI_483/2024

PATENT AT ISSUE
European Patent EP 3 742 231

PANEL/DIVISION
Panel 2 Local Division Munich

DECIDING JUDGES
This order has been issued by Presiding Judge Ulrike Voß as Judge-Rapporteur.

LANGUAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS
English

SUBJECT OF THE PROCEEDINGS
Preliminary Objection R. 19.1 (a) RoP, R. 20.1 RoP

SUMMARY OF FACTS
1. The Claimant is the registered proprietor of the European patent EP 3 742 231 filed on 25
May 2009 (hereinafter referred to as the patent at issue), the grant of which was published
on 30 June 2021. On 30 May 2023, the Claimant made use of the possibility to opt out
under Art. 83 (3) UPCA (opt-out) for the patent at issue. It withdrew from this opt-out on
26 August 2024 pursuant to Art. 84 para. 4 UPCA (opt-in).
2. The Claimant is suing the Defendants for infringement of the patent at issue, inter alia,
information and disclosure of the books, destruction, recall, removal from the distribution
channels, (provisional) damages and compensation. The requests for relief sought by the
Clamant in this regard also concern acts of use by the Defendants that are alleged to have
taken place before the date of entry into force of the UPCA.
3. The Statement of Claim filed with the UPC on 27 August 2024 was served on the Defend-
ants on 15 September 2024 and 20 September 2024, respectively. By pleading dated 10
October 2024, the Defendants filed a preliminary objection pursuant to Rule 19 RoP. The
Claimant responded to this in a pleading dated 23 October 2025, to which the Defendants
replied in a submission dated 24 January 2025.

PARTIES´ REQUESTS
4. The Defendants request:
I.
The preliminary objection is allowed.
II.
1. The claim is dismissed insofar as it relates to the period prior to 26 August 2024.
2. In the alternative: the claims for the provision of information, disclosure of the
books, destruction, recall and removal from the distribution channels, provisional
damages in the amount of EUR 100,000.00, damages and payment of appropriate
compensation (claims no. IV 1-4, VII, VIII 1-2) are dismissed insofar as they relate
to the period prior to the date of the decision. EUR 100,000.00, damages and pay-
ment of reasonable compensation (claims no. IV 1-4, VII, VIII 1-2) are dismissed
insofar as they relate to the period prior to 26 August 2024.
III.
Further in the alternative: the proceedings are stayed pursuant to Rule 266 (5) sen-
tence 1 RoP and the following question is referred to the CJEU for a preliminary ruling
pursuant to Art. 21 UPCA in conjunction with Art. 267 TFEU:
Does the Union legal order require the UPCA to be applied and interpreted in accordance
with the principles of treaty application and interpretation codified in the 1969
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and recognized by customary international
law?
5. The Claimant requests:
I.
The preliminary objection is rejected.
II.
In the alternative: The preliminary objection will be dealt with in the main proceedings.
III.
The (further) auxiliary request of the Defendant for a stay of proceedings pursuant to
R. 266.5 first sentence RoP is rejected.

PARTIES´ SUBMISSIONS
6. The Defendants are of the opinion that the UPC lacks competence pursuant to Art. 32 (1)
a) and f) UPCA to decide on the infringement action insofar as it relates to the period prior
to the entry into force of the UPCA on 1 June 2023. In this respect, the infringement action
was brought before the Court without jurisdiction and was therefore already to be dis-
missed as inadmissible.
7. Whether the UPC can decide on alleged acts of use that are said to have taken place
before 1 June 2023 is not only a question of applicable law, but also a question of competence under Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA. This follows from Art. 32 para. 1 (a) UPCA.
8. The UPCA does not provide for any substantive rights, but only a limited number of powers
pursuant to Art. 56 et seq. UPCA. These confer on the UPC the power to order certain
measures against the Defendant at the Claimant's request, which are at the UPC's discretion. The UPCA is therefore not based on the Claimants´ substantive claims, but on the
UPC's powers. Since the UPCA does not recognize any substantive claims, the distinction
between a substantive claim and its procedural enforcement does not apply. The consequence of this lack of distinction is that the UPC already has to examine, in the context of
jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA, whether the powers pursuant to Art. 56 et seq.
UPCA even cover the "actual or threatened infringement of patents" in the infringement
action. At least if an infringement action is not suitable from the outset to fulfil the necessary
requirements of the powers pursuant to Art. 56 et seq. UPCA, the UPC must deny its
jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA.
9. The UPC must observe the Vienna Convention as a treaty under international law, in par-
ticular Art. 28 and Art. 31 VCLT, which reflect customary international law. Art. 28 VCLT
contains the principle that, in case of doubt, a treaty has no retroactive effect. If an inter-
national treaty not only provides for a tribunal with jurisdiction to settle disputes that have
arisen in the past but also establishes both substantive law and an international court en-
trusted with the enforcement of that substantive law, the jurisdiction of that court is there-
fore limited to acts after the entry into force of the treaty. The provisions of an international
treaty can therefore only exceptionally be applied to facts and situations prior to the entry
into force of the treaty, if the treaty evidenced a corresponding intention on the part of the
contracting states.
10. Based on these principles, the ILC and the practice of the European Commission of Human Rights and the ECtHR have dealt extensively and frequently with temporal jurisdic-
tion. This is generally only assumed for the time from the entry into force of the respective
treaty. The same applies to international arbitration tribunals. All of this must also be taken
into account in the present case. The principles of the ECtHR on temporal jurisdiction
would also apply to the UPC as an international court, even though the UPC does not have
jurisdiction over disputes between states, but over disputes between private individuals.
11. It cannot be inferred from the UPCA that the Contracting Member States intended the
Agreement or the (substantive) provisions of Articles 25, 32, 34, 63, 64, 67 and 68 UPCA
to have retroactive effect. The Contracting Member States had neither undertaken to re-
place the respective national patent laws with the substantive provisions of the UPCA with
regard to acts of use before 1 June 2023. Nor would they have withdrawn their jurisdiction
from the national courts for acts of use that took place before 1 June 2023, nor would they
allow the UPC to take the place of the national courts in this respect. For the period prior
to the entry into force of the UPCA, only institutional provisions, but not substantive law,
were applicable due to the Protocol on Provisional Applicability of 1 Oktober 2015. It would
constitute a disregard of the sovereign Decision of the contracting member states not to
allow the UPCA to enter force until 1 June 2023 if the UPCA were also to extend to acts
of use from the period prior to its entry into force and the national courts were to be deprived of jurisdiction in this respect as well.
12. Art. 3c) UPCA confirms that the UPCA does not in principle have retroactive effect. In
terms of time, this refers to the entry into force of the UPCA and not to an earlier date. In
addition, Art. 3 UPCA only concerns the question of which IP rights the UPC should be
competent for. This provision only concerns the absolute rights of protection, but not the
so-called secondary right, i.e. the procedural powers pursuant to Art. 56 et seq. UPCA.
Since Art. 3 UPCA does not cover secondary law, no retroactive effect can be derived
from Art. 3(c) UPCA either. Prior to the entry into force of the UPCA, the national courts
had exclusive jurisdiction over such secondary rights. The UPCA does not expressly or
implicitly state that the national courts should no longer have jurisdiction. Rather, the opposite follows from Art. 32 para. 2 UPCA.
13. Likewise, jurisdiction cannot be established by means of Art. 32 para. 1 f) UPCA. This
provision also does not have retroactive effect.
14. A limitation of the temporal jurisdiction of the UPCA to alleged acts of use in the period
after 1 June 2023 also follows from the object and purpose of the UPCA. The validity of
Directive 2004/47/EC prior to the entry into force of the UPCA does not change this, nor
does the fact that the UPCA was already signed in 2013.
15. Thus, the UPC's competence pursuant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA is limited to matters occurring
after 1 June 2023, while matters occurring before 1 June 2023 are excluded from the UP-
C's jurisdiction. This interpretation of Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA is also mandatory against the
background of the requirement of legal certainty laid down in recital 5 of the UPCA preamble and the principle of proportionality according to recital 6 of the UPCA preamble and is
also confirmed by the provisions of the UPCA and the RoP on the opt-out.
16. According to the principles of international law, acts that were commenced before the entry
into force of an international treaty and that are continued thereafter are only covered by
the treaty to the extent that they occur after the entry into force of the treaty. The principles
established by the ILC and the ECtHR on (continued) acts would also apply to alleged acts
of use that took place without the consent of the patent proprietor. Therefore, any individual
(alleged) act of use by the Defendant that occurred before 1 June 2023 is excluded from
the temporal jurisdiction of the UPC under Article 32(1)(a) UPCA, even if it is part of a
series of acts that began before 1 June 2023 and continued thereafter.
17. The UPC's lack of jurisdiction in temporal terms applies in any event to the claims brought
by the Claimant for disclosure of information, disclosure of the books, destruction, recall
and removal from the distribution channels, interim damages, damages and payment of
appropriate compensation.
18. With regard to acts of use in the period prior to the entry into force of the UPCA, only the
applicable law pursuant to Art. 8 Rome II Regulation is relevant. The order of legal consequences resulting from the respective applicable national law is the responsibility of the
respective national courts. The UPCA does not contain any procedural powers pursuant
to Art. 56 et seq. UPCA that would allow the UPC to order legal consequences resulting
from a patent infringement under national law.
19. The Defendants are also of the opinion that the UPC lacks competence pursuant to Art.
32(1)(a) and (f) UPCA insofar as the infringement action relates to the period from 1 June
2023 to 26 August 2024. The opt-out becomes effective pursuant to Art. 83 para. 3 sentence 3 UPCA with the entry of the corresponding communication in the register and has
no retroactive effect, as Rule 5 para. 5 sentence 2 RoP confirms. The “opt-in” is regulated
in a mirror image in Art. 83 para. 4 UPCA, so that it also has no retroactive effect. The opt-
in has ex nunc effect, i.e. from the entry of the notification of withdrawal in the register.
Consequently, the UPC lacks competence under Art. 32(1)(a), (f) UPCA to decide on an
infringement action insofar as it relates to the time of the opt-out of a European patent. In
this respect, the patent proprietor must turn to the national courts which continue to have
jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 32 (2) UPCA and whose exclusive jurisdiction he himself has
established by opting out. This also follows from the meaning and purpose of the UPCA,
which, according to recital 5 of its preamble, is intended not only to improve the enforce-
ment of patents, but also to improve the defence against unfounded claims and to
strengthen legal certainty.
20. The Claimant is of the opinion that the Court also has competence for actions for infringement of European patents that (also) relate to facts prior to the entry into force of the UPCA
on 1 June 2023. The UPCA does not in any way limit the Court's jurisdiction to facts oc-
curring after 1 June 2023. On the contrary, Art. 3(c) UPCA expressly provides for compre-
hensive applicability (in terms of time) for those European patents that have not yet expired
before the entry into force of the UPCA (or are granted after that date). The wording of Art.
3(c) UPCA (‘shall apply’) is an unequivocal and comprehensive command for application
to all European patents that have not previously expired.
21. The assumption of the court's competence is not a matter of (genuine) retroactivity from
the outset. On this point alone, the Defendant's arguments, in particular those regarding
the Vienna Convention on Treaties, fundamentally miss the point. In the context of this
preliminary objection, the question to be decided is whether the Court has jurisdiction for
an action brought on 27 August 2024. This aspect is to be strictly separated from the
question of which (substantive) law the (competent) court would have to apply when deal-
ing with facts prior to 1 June 2023. At the time the action is brought and at the time of the
decision on this preliminary objection, the UPCA will undoubtedly be applicable, so that
the question of the court's jurisdiction can be answered by looking at the UPCA, namely
at Article 32(a) in conjunction with Article 3c) UPCA. The substantive law applicable to
facts prior to 1 June 2023 is irrelevant for the court's jurisdiction. Furthermore – and this is
a purely supplementary comment – the UPCA is in any case also applicable in substantive
terms to facts prior to 1 June 2023. This follows from Art. 3c) UPCA. If one wants to see a
(genuine) retroactive effect in this, it would not violate EU law, which must be observed in
accordance with Article 20 UPCA. According to established ECJ case law, an exception
to the fundamental prohibition of retroactivity is possible if an objective of general interest
requires it and the legitimate expectations of those affected are duly respected. The Defendants misunderstand Art. 28 VCLT. The provision's meaning is limited to the statement
that the question of whether a treaty has retroactive effect or not is to be assessed by
interpreting the treaty itself.
22. Furthermore, the UPC also has jurisdiction insofar as facts prior to the opt-in declared on
26 August 2024 are concerned. In this respect, too, the Defendant's preliminary objection
is unfounded. The opt-in only takes effect upon entry in the register. However, the opt-in
has a retroactive effect. This is because, according to the wording of Art. 83(4) UPCA, the
opt-in is a withdrawal from the exception under Art. 83(3) UPCA, and thus a withdrawal
from the opt-out. The patent proprietor thus merely waives the right to claim the exception
under Art. 83(3) UPCA, so that the original concurrent jurisdiction of the Unified Patent
Court and the national courts is restored.
23. The alternative request for a stay is to be rejected. It is already lacking the required rele-
vance for a decision pursuant to Art. 267 TFEU, among others.

REASONS FOR THE ORDER
24. The admissible preliminary objection is not successful on the merits.
I.
25. The Defendant's preliminary objection is admissible. It was lodged in accordance with Rule
19.1 RoP within one month of service of the Statement of Claim and also satisfies the
formal requirements of Rule 19.2 RoP and Rule 19.3 RoP. The preliminary objection also
relates to an admissible ground for preliminary objection. The Defendants raise the preliminary objection of lack of jurisdiction and competence of the UPC pursuant to Rule 19.1
(a) RoP.
26. The fact that the preliminary objection of lack of jurisdiction is only raised in relation to
(alleged) acts of use in certain periods does not affect the admissibility of the preliminary
objection. Rule 19.1(a) RoP does not require that the preliminary objection contests the
jurisdiction of the UPC for the claim as a whole. A preliminary objection can be in respect
of only one (of several) matters in dispute.
27. The admissibility of the preliminary objection is also not precluded by the fact that the
(alleged) partial lack of jurisdiction of the UPC is essentially based on the law which, in the
opinion of the Defendant, should be applicable to the facts prior to 1 June 2023 or 26
August 2024. It is true that the list of grounds for preliminary objection set out in Rule 19.1
RoP is exhaustive, which is why a preliminary objection cannot be based on other grounds
(Court of Appeal, CoA_188/2024, Grounds for the Order of 03.09.2024 - Aylo/Dish). It is
also true that Rule 19.1 (a) RoP does not mention the applicable law. Nevertheless, an
extension of the grounds for preliminary objection cannot be established in the present
case. The Defendants explicitly object to the jurisdiction and competence of the UPC pursuant to Rule 19.1(a) RoP for a certain period. They only refer to the applicable law, which
in their view should be relevant for determining jurisdiction, to justify their preliminary ob-
jection. This linking of jurisdiction and applicable law is neither arbitrary nor without any
factual connection to each other, so that the preliminary objection cannot be rejected as
inadmissible for this reason alone. Whether this link exists and whether the Defendant's
reasoning warrants success on the merits is irrelevant to the question of the admissibility
of the preliminary objection.
II.
28. The preliminary objection is unfounded. The UPCA has jurisdiction over the action pursu-
ant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA, Art. 2(g), Art. 3(c) UPCA, without temporal limitation.
1.
29. Pursuant to Art. 32 (1) a) UPCA, the UPC has, inter alia, exclusive jurisdiction over Claim-
ants for actual or threatened infringement of patents, whereby this subject-matter jurisdiction also exists pursuant to Art. 2(g) UPCA for infringement proceedings relating to a Eu-
ropean patent that has not yet lapsed at the time of entry into force of the UPCA pursuant
to Art. 3(c) UPCA. Accordingly, the UPC has subject-matter jurisdiction in the present case.
The plaintiff is asserting claims for (alleged) use of a European patent that had not yet
expired on June 1, 2023.
30. However, during the transitional period, the exclusive jurisdiction of the UPC pursuant to
Art. 32 (1) a), 2(g), 3(c) UPCA does not apply without restriction. According to Art. 83 para.
1 UPCA, during a transitional period of seven years after entry into force of the UPCA,
claimants may continue to bring actions for (alleged) infringement of a European patent
(without unitary effect) before national courts. Art. 83(3) UPCA also gives the proprietor of
a European patent the possibility of opting out of the UPC's jurisdiction over a European
patent. The claimant or the proprietor of the European patent therefore has a fundamental
right of choice during the transitional period, provided that the relevant requirements are
met. During the transitional period, the exclusive jurisdiction with regard to a European
patent pursuant to Art. 32(1)(a) UPCA is therefore a concurrent jurisdiction.
31. During the transitional period, the delimitation of the UPC's jurisdiction pursuant to Art.
32(1)(a) UPCA in relation to the national court, is determined, in view of the above, by
whether or not the European patent whose infringement is alleged has been opted out
from the exclusive jurisdiction of the UPC. If there is an (effective) opt-out within the mean-
ing of Art. 83(3) UPCA, only the national court has jurisdiction. The UPC, on the other
hand, does not have jurisdiction, unless the jurisdiction of the UPC is deemed to be rec-
ognized pursuant to Rule 19.7 RoP in the absence of a objection. If the opt-out under Art.
83(3) UPCA is not invoked or if the patent proprietor (effectively) withdraws from the opt-
out under Art. 83(4) UPCA, the concurrent jurisdiction of the UPC and the national court
is restored, so that the UPC - because of the exercise of the claimant's right of choice in
this respect - has jurisdiction.
32. Applied to the facts of the present case, this means that the UPC has jurisdiction for the
claim pursuant to Art. 32 para. 1 a) UPCA in conjunction with Art. 2(g), Art. 3(c) UPCA. On
26 August 2024 in accordance with Art. 83 para. 4 UPCA, the claimant (effectively) with-
drew from the opt-out under Art. 83 para. 3 UPCA declared on 12 May 2023. As of that
point in time, there was again a concurrent jurisdiction between the national court and the
UPC. Therefore, the applicant could on 27 August 2024 decide to bring the present action
before the UPC.
33. The relevant point in time for the aforementioned delimitation is the point in time at which
the claimant files or has filed the claim with the UPC. The only decisive factor is the situation at that time. It is of no interest which court had or would have had jurisdiction at a
previous point in time. Nor is jurisdiction, once established, subsequently removed due to
changed circumstances.
2.
34. The UPC's jurisdiction covers the entire period asserted in the action. The UPC also has
to deal with the legal dispute to be decided insofar as the Claimant asserts claims for
(alleged) acts of use before 1 June 2023 (entry into force of the UPCA) and before 26
August 2024 (withdrawal from the opt-out). This does not constitute a violation of Art. 28
VCLT. With regard to jurisdiction, there is already no case of retroactive effect.
35. The UPCA entered into force on 1 June 2023. The jurisdictional provisions in Part I, Chap-
ter VI UPCA take effect from that date; they have been applicable since that date. The
Defendants do not deny this either. Consequently, for claims filed with the UPC on or after
the cut-off date of 1 June 2023, in the context of a a preliminary objection pursuant to Rule
19 et seq. RoP, it must be examined whether the international and subject-matter jurisdiction of the UPC pursuant to Art. 31 et seq. and 83, 3 UPCA is given. The jurisdiction of the
UPC must be established at the time of the decision on the preliminary objection wherein
the lack of jurisdiction is raised. Whether or not it existed beforehand is irrelevant. As
claimants can only file claims with the UPC from 1 June 2023, meaning that a preliminary
objection can only be raised and decided after this date, the situation at a point in time
after the entry into force of the UPCA is always decisive for jurisdiction. There will be no
shifting forward (to a date before 1 June 2023).
36. In the event that the examination pursuant to Art. 31 et seq., 83, 3 UPCA leads to the
conclusion that not the UPC but the national court has jurisdiction because the Claimant
has exercised his existing right to opt out, the national court has (exclusive) jurisdiction. If
the patent proprietor has not opted out, the UPC has (concurrent) jurisdiction. In the event
that a Claimant, without opting out, brings parallel proceedings before the UPCA and a
national court against the same parties involving the same cause of action, the court last
seized must decline jurisdiction (Art. 31 UPCA, Art. 71c (2) and 29 Brussels Ia Regulation
(EU) No. 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012
on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial
matters). The UPC therefore in no way (retroactively) "withdraws" jurisdiction from the na-
tional court. In particular, proceedings already pending before the national court remain
there. According to Art. 83 para. 2 UPCA, this also applies to claims pending before a
national court at the end of the transitional period. These are not affected by the expiry of
the transitional period. The UPCA therefore expressly establishes the principle of perpetuatio fori in this respect.
37. The point that the UPC has no jurisdiction in the event of an opt-out does not apply here.
This is basically correct. However, if the opt-out has been (effectively) withdrawn before
an action is brought before the UPC pursuant to Art. 83 para. UPCA, the situation of con-
current jurisdiction arises again and the UPC has concurrent jurisdiction. The fact that only
the national court had jurisdiction for a previous period is irrelevant. This is because no
action was brought (before the national court) during this period, which would have meant
that it would no longer have been possible to withdraw the opt-out.
38. A temporally limited jurisdiction of the UPC also does not follow from the (alleged) non-
applicability of Art. 25 et seq. UPCA and/or Art. 56 et seq. UPCA to (alleged) acts of use
that are said to have taken place before 01 June 2023 or 26 August 2024. In the context
of the preliminary objection, it can be left open whether the Defendants' considerations in
this regard are correct. It is not at the stage of scope of jurisdiction pursuant to Art. 32
para. 1 a) UPCA already necessary to examine whether the procedural powers pursuant
to Art. 56 et seq. UPCA cover the actual or threatened infringement of patents asserted in
the infringement action at all.
39. Jurisdiction and applicable law are separate aspects that must be assessed separately
from each other. It cannot be concluded from the UPC's jurisdiction that the substantive
law of the UPCA always applies to every matter to be decided, nor is the applicable law
decisive for the UPC's jurisdiction. The link made by the Defendants does not exist.
40. It may be that the Defendants' comments on the approach of the UPCA are correct and
that Art. 56 et seq. UPCA are not structured as claims of a claimant, but as powers of the
Court. However, this does not alter the necessary distinction between jurisdiction and applicable law. They concern different aspects. The former deals only with the question of
what type of dispute is assigned to a court for decision. If a dispute then falls within the
jurisdiction of the court, the second step is to determine which law the (competent) court
must apply to the facts of the case submitted fordecision.
41. This distinction also underlies the UPCA. It is true that Article 3 UPCA only speaks of scope
of application (“Geltungsbereich” and “champ d'application”, respectively), without making
a distinction between procedural provisions and substantive law, which could lead to the
understanding that this article applies to both aspects and that a link between jurisdiction
and applicable law could be assumed in the manner described. Ultimately, however, this
is not the case. Even if Article 3 UPCA is or should also be decisive for the question of
which law is applicable, the UPCA differentiates elsewhere between jurisdiction and applicable law. The UPC's rules on jurisdiction can be found in Part I, Chapter VI UPCA, the
rules on substantive law and sources of law in Part I, Chapter V UPCA. There is no link or
reference between these separate provisions. The same applies with regard to the powers
of the court regulated in Part II, Chapter IV. There is also no indication in these provisions
that the applicable law should be of significance in determining jurisdiction
42. The distinction between jurisdiction and applicable law is also recognized at European
level, as evidenced by the Brussels Ia Regulation (EU), for example. This only contains
provisions on international jurisdiction, without determining the substantive law applicable
by the competent court and/or considering this as an aspect of jurisdiction. Therefore, if
the international jurisdiction of the UPC is at issue, this must be determined in accordance
with Art. 31 UPCA without recourse to the applicable law. It is not apparent that there is
any intention to deviate from this fundamental approach with regard to substantive jurisdiction and competence. On the contrary, during the transitional period pursuant to Art. 83
UPCA, Art. 29 to 32 Brussels I Regulation apply to any conflicts of jurisdiction between the
UPC and the national courts pursuant to Art. 71c (2) Brussels I Regulation.
43. Finally, the object and purpose of the UPCA and the preamble to the UPCA do not justify
a different understanding. Neither the intended contribution to the integration process in
Europe (Recital 1) nor the intention to improve and enhance legal certainty with regard to
legal disputes concerning infringement and validity of patents (Recital 5) nor the principle
of proportionality (Recital 6) require that the separation of jurisdiction and applicable (sub-
stantive) law enshrined in the UPCA be disregarded and that the question of jurisdiction
be linked to the question of applicable law.
3.
44. Whether the legal consequences requested by the Claimant in its action due to (alleged)
acts of use by the Defendant are to be acknowledged by the court and which law is to be
applied in this respect, in particular also for facts that are alleged to have taken place
before 1 June 2023 and 26 August 2024, is a question of the merits of the action. This
examination remains reserved for the main proceedings.
III.
45. There is no reason to stay the proceedings pursuant to Rule 266 (5) sentence 1 RoP and
to refer the question formulated by the Defendants to the ECJ for a preliminary ruling pursuant to Art. 21 UPCA in conjunction with Art. 267 TFEU. In the Judge-rapporteur's opin-
ion, there is no reasonable doubt that the UPCA, as an international treaty, is to be assessed against the principles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Moreover,
the question referred is not relevant to the decision on the preliminary objection.
IV.
46. In accordance with Rule 20.1 RoP, the parties are informed that the proceedings will be
continued in accordance with the Rules of Procedure as the preliminary objection is rejected. The parties have the opportunity to submit any outstanding pleadings in due time.
47. Pursuant to Rule 21.1 RoP, an Appeal may only be lodged against a Decision of the Judge-
rapporteur to reject the preliminary objection in accordance with Rule 220.2 RoP. Appeal
must therefore be allowed, which is at the discretion of the Judge-rapporteur. Taking into
account Recital 8 of the Rules of Procedure, appeal is allowed in the present case. The
decision concerns a question of law that may be relevant to a number of cases, so that a
uniform application and interpretation of the UPCA's rules of jurisdiction is appropriate.

ORDER
1. The preliminary objection of the Defendants, including the auxiliary requests, is
rejected.
2. The proceedings will be continued.
3. Appeal is allowed.

INFORMATION ON APPEAL
Against the Order may be lodged in accordance with Rule 21.1 RoP in conjunction with Rule
220.2 RoP within 15 days of service of the Order.

DETAILS OF THE ORDER
Order Nr. ORD_6847/2025 in Action no.: ACT_46804/2024
UPC No.: UPC_CFI_483/2024
Art des Vorgangs: Infringement action
Application no.: 55619/2024